![]() ![]() Belfast also sees a change to its boundaries as a result of local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland.Dacorum and Mole Valley are excluded, and Hertsmere is included. London has changed shape as a result of its revised BUA.Five cities- Crawley, Blackpool, Reading, Liverpool and Glasgow – have lost one local authority.Four cities – Swansea, Newport, Bournemouth and Manchester – have expanded to incorporate neighbouring local authorities.These changes are the result of either physical changes to the BUAs or the lesser weight put on TTWAs in the updated approach. 11 cities have seen an alteration to their boundaries.Therefore Wigan continues to be a separate concentration of economic activity. Wigan remains a separate PUA as it is in a separate built-up area (BUA) to Manchester’s. Bolton and Rochdale now form part of Manchester PUA. Two cities are incorporated into Manchester.Grimsby and Hastings fall below the workday population threshold and so are no longer classed among the list of largest concentrations of economic activity. Basildon, Exeter and Slough are included as PUAs. Based on this revised and refined approach to defining PUAs, there are 63 Primary Urban Areas in the UK – 55 in England, three in Wales, four in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland – down from the 2005 list of 64.This has lead to the following changes in the list of cities we analyse: ![]() By reducing the emphasis on travel to work areas (TTWAs) placed on the original definition, as these are less significant for determining an urban, economically active core. Primary Economic Activities: These economic activities are directly tied to the extraction resources of the earth.By increasing the threshold to 135,000 people to reflect overall population growth.By using the daytime population of the city, as opposed to the resident population used previously, to better capture an economically active place.We have worked with the academics at CURDS, University of Newcastle to update the PUA definition and refine the methodology. Economic activity is any activity that contributes to that economy. But by defining cities principally on their built-up area – that is, the physical footprint of a city – the PUA definition is, in our view, the best option. A number of different approaches could be used. This means that we require a definition that best matches this requirement. Given that the mission of the Centre for Cities is to look at the economies of UK cities, it is the economic concentration perspective of the city that we are most interested in. The best performing cities make the most of this density so that the value of what they produce is greater than the value of the inputs (workers, land etc.) that they use to produce it. įrom an economic point of view, a city is the concentration of a large amount of economic activity in a relatively small area. The results of this review will be used as the base unit of analysis for Centre for Cities’ work from 2016 onward, starting with Cities Outlook 2016. The methodological briefing below sets out the results of the 2015 review of the primary urban area (PUA) definition of cities.
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